My favourite superstar--"SACHIN TENDULKAR"

Hi! everybody!
Now, dis time i m putting forward my fovourite superstar till date--- no points 4 guessing --- u felt it right---"SACHIN TENDULKAR" ....
The ontent is basically taken 4m wikipedia...but hope i wl make my own review sooner.....

So, enjoy the making n flourishing f a born "SUPERSTAR".... So, again the repeated lines..." just follow me "!!! yo !!!

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar pronunciation (help·info) (Marathi: सिचन तेंडुलकर; born 24 April 1973) is a current Indian cricketer who was rated by Wisden (2002) as the second greatest Test batsman ever[1] after Sir Don Bradman. He made his international debut in 1989 and holds several batting records in both Test Cricket and ODI Cricket. A perennial crowd-favorite, he is the only Indian cricketer to receive the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, India's highest sporting honour for his performance in 1997-1998. Many commentators and fellow players regard him as one of the greatest batsmen the game has seen




Personal life

Tendulkar hitting a six off Sreesanth, Challenger Series 2006, M.A.Chidambaram Stadium
Born to a middle class family of Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins in Bombay, now known as Mumbai. His father Ramesh Tendulkar, a Marathi novelist named him after his favourite music director Sachin Dev Burman. He was encouraged to play cricket by his elder brother, Ajit Tendulkar. He has 2 more siblings - brother Nitin Tendulkar and sister Savitai Tendulkar. Nitin's son Rohan Tendulkar born in 1990 is also a cricketer and represents Mumbai in junior cricket tournaments.
In 1995, Sachin Tendulkar married Anjali Tendulkar (born 13 feb 1971), the paediatrician daughter of Gujarati industrialist Anand Mehta. They have two children, Sara (born 12 October 1997) and Arjun (born 23 September, 2000).
Tendulkar sponsors 200 under-privileged children, every year through Apnalaya, a Mumbai-based NGO associated with his mother-in-law, Annaben Mehta. He is reluctant to speak about this, or other charitable activities, choosing to preserve the sanctity of his personal life despite the overwhelming media interest in him.





Career

Early days of cricket
He attended Sharadashram Vidyamandir School where he began his cricketing career under the guidance of his coach and mentor Ramakant Achrekar. During his early days as a schoolboy cricketer he went to the MRF pace academy to train as a pace bowler but was sent back home. While at school, he was involved in unbroken 664-run partnership in a Harris Shield game in 1988 with friend and team mate Vinod Kambli, who also went on to represent India. At the time, this was a record partnership in any form of cricket, until 2006 when it was broken by two under-13 batsmen in a match held at Hyderabad in India. When he was 14 Indian batting maestro Sunil Gavaskar gave him a pair of his used ultra light pads. "It was the greatest source of encouragement for me," he said nearly 20 years later after passing Gavaskar's top world record of 34 Test centuries.


Domestic career


In 1988/1989, he scored 100 not-out in his first first-class match for Bombay against Gujarat. At 15 years and 232 days he is the youngest cricketer to score a century on his first-class debut.
Sachin Tendulkar is the only player to score a century while making his Ranji Trophy, Duleep Trophy and Irani Trophy debut.

International career
Tendulkar is ambidextrous, batting, bowling and throwing with his right hand, but preferring to write with his left hand, practising left-hand throws at the nets on a regular basis. Tendulkar played his first international match against Pakistan in Karachi in 1989, facing the likes of Wasim Akram, Imran Khan, Abdul Qadir and Waqar Younis. He made just 15 runs, being bowled by Waqar Younis, who also made his debut in that match. It was an inauspicious start, but Tendulkar followed it up with his maiden Test fifty a few days later at Faisalabad. His One-day International (ODI) debut on December 18 was equally disappointing, where he was dismissed without scoring a run, again by Waqar Younis. The series was followed by a tour of New Zealand in which he fell for 88 in the Second Test. John Wright, who later became the coach of India, took the catch that prevented Tendulkar from becoming the youngest centurion in Test cricket. His maiden Test century came in next tour, to England in August 1990 at Old Trafford. Tendulkar further enhanced his development into a world-class batsman during the 1991-1992 tour of Australia that included an unbeaten 148 in Sydney (the first of many battles against Shane Warne who made his debut in the match) and a brilliant century on the fast and bouncy track at Perth. He has been Man of the Match 11 times in Test matches and Man of the Series twice, both times in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy against Australia.
Tendulkar's performance through the years 1994-1999, coincided with his physical peak, at age 20 through 25. Tendulkar was told to open the batting at Auckland against New Zealand in 1994.[2] He went on to make 82 runs off 49 balls. His first ODI century came on September 9, 1994 against Australia in Sri Lanka at Colombo. It had taken Tendulkar 79 ODIs to score a century.
Tendulkar's rise continued when he was the leading run scorer at the 1996 Cricket World Cup, topping the batting averages whilst scoring two centuries.
This was the beginning of a period at the top of the batting world, culminating in the Australian tour of India in early 1998, scoring three consecutive centuries. These were characterised by a pre-meditated plan to target Australian spinners Shane Warne and Gavin Robertson, to whom he regularly charged down the pitch to drive over the infield. This technique worked as India beat Australia. Following the series Australian spinner Shane Warne ruefully joked that he was having nightmares about his Indian nemesis.[3]
Indian Captain Mohd. Azharuddin was going through a lean patch and India were playing against Pakistan in Sharjah 1997. Sachin and Navjot Siddhu hit 100's to set a record partnership for the first wicket. Sachin returned back after getting out and found Azhar in two minds to bat out. Sachin boosted Azhar to bat and Azhar unleashed 29 runs in mere 10 balls. It enabled India post a score in excess of 300 runs for the first time. India went on to win that match.
A chronic back problem flared up when Pakistan toured India in 1999, with India losing the historic Test at Chepauk despite a gritty century from Tendulkar himself. Worse was to come as Professor Ramesh Tendulkar, Tendulkar's father, died in the middle of the 1999 Cricket World Cup. Tendulkar flew back to India to attend the final rituals of his father, missing the match against Zimbabwe. However, he returned with a bang to the World cup scoring a century (unbeaten 140 off 101 balls) in his very next match against Kenya in Bristol. He dedicated this century to his father.[4]
Tendulkar, succeeding Mohammad Azharuddin as captain, then led India on a tour of Australia, where the visitors were comprehensively beaten 3-0[5] by the newly-crowned world champions. After another Test series defeat, this time by a 0-2 margin at home against South Africa, Tendulkar resigned, and Sourav Ganguly took over as captain in 2000.
Tendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 World Cup, helping India reach the final. While Australia retained the trophy that it had won in 1999, Tendulkar was given the Man of the Series award. The drawn series as India toured Australia in 2003-2004 saw Tendulkar making his mark in the last Test of the series, with a double century in Sydney, which was also the last test appearance of one of cricket history's most successful captian Steve Waugh. Tennis elbow then took its toll on Tendulkar, leaving him out of the side for the first two Tests when Australia toured India in 2004. He played a part in the face-saving Indian victory in Mumbai, though Australia had already taken the series 2-1, with the Second Test in Chennai drawn.
Sachin is an integral part of Think-Tank. He's often found discussing with the captain and involved in building strategies. Current Captain, Rahul Dravid publicly acknowledged that it was Sachin, who suggested to promote Irfan Pathan to #3. Pathan's swash buckling batting did impress every one, but he was later removed from that position, as his bowling started to be less effective and he would need to concentrate more on his bowling.
On 10 December, 2005, at Feroz Shah Kotla, he delighted fans with a record-breaking 35th Test century, against the Sri Lankans.
On 6 February 2006, Tendulkar scored his 39th ODI hundred, in a match against Pakistan. He followed with a run-a-ball 42 in the second ODI against Pakistan on February 11, 2006, and then a 95 in hostile, seaming conditions on 13 February, 2006 in Lahore, which set up an Indian victory.
On 19 March 2006, after scoring an unconvincing 1 off 21 balls against England in the first innings of the third Test in his home ground, Wankhede, Tendulkar was booed off the ground by a section of the crowd,[6] the first time that he has ever faced such flak. While cheered on when he came for his second innings, Tendulkar, was the top scorer in the second innings[7] and yet was to end the three-Test series without a single half-century to his credit, and news of a shoulder operation raised more questions about his longevity.
Tendulkar was operated upon for his injured shoulder forcing him to skip the tour of West Indies in 2006.
On 23 May 2006, after deciding not to undergo a scheduled fitness test, he announced he would miss the tour of the Caribbean for the Test series. However he agreed to play 5 games for Lashings World XI in order to regain fitness for a possible August comeback. He had scored 155, 147(retired), 98, 101(retired) & 105 in the 5 matches for Lashings XI with strike rate of well above 100 and was the top scorer in all the matches.
Also in his first Twenty20 match with international opposition, although unofficial, Tendulkar hit 50 not out off 21 deliveries to blast the International XI to 123 after 10 overs against the Pakistan XI.
However as of July,2006 The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced that the longest-serving international cricketer has overcome his injury problem following a rehabilitation programme and is available for selection.
He then came for the DLF cup in Malaysia and became the only Indian batsman to shine. In his most recent comeback match, against West Indies on 14th September 2006, Tendulkar responded to his critics who believed that his career was inexorably sliding with his 40th ODI century. Though he scored 141*, West Indies won the rain-affected match by the D/L method. In January 2007 Tendulkar scored a 76-ball century against the West Indies which makes it his 41st ODI century. He reached a hundred on the last ball of the Indian innings. Tendulkar now has 17 more ODI tons than Sanath Jayasuriya who is second on the list of ODI century-makers.[8]
Wisden named Tendulkar one of the Cricketers of the Year in 1997, the first calendar year in which he scored 1,000 Test runs. He repeated the feat in 1999, 2001, and 2002. Tendulkar also holds the record for scoring 1,000 ODI runs in a calendar year. He has done it six times - 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 and 2003. In 1998 he made 1,894 ODI runs, still the record for ODI runs by any batsman in any given calendar year.
At Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies, Tendulkar and the Indian cricket team had a dismal campaign. Tendulkar had scores of 7 (Bangladesh), 57* (Bermuda) and 0 (Sri Lanka). As a result, former Australian captain Ian Chappell, brother of current Indian coach Greg, called for Tendulkar to retire in his column for Mumbai's Mid Day newspaper[9]


Bowling

While not a regular bowler, Sachin Tendulkar has taken 39 wickets in 136 Tests and 148 wickets in 384 ODIs. He can bowl medium-pace,leg spin and off-spin with equal ease. He often bowls when two batsmen have been batting together for a long period, and can often be a useful partnership breaker. Though his Test bowling average is above 50 and his ODI bowling average above 40, he is considered[10] as the man with the Golden arm[11] who breaks partnerships.[12]
On more than one occasion,[13] he has had a strong influence on an Indian victory with his bowling. Notable among his bowling exploits are:
5 wicket haul against Australia[14] at Kochi in the 1997-98 Series . Set 269 runs to win, Australia were cruising comfortably at 203/3 in the 31st over. Sachin turned the match for India taking wickets of Michael Bevan, Steve Waugh, Darren Lehmann, Tom Moody and Damien Martyn for just 32 runs in 10 overs.
Final over control against South Africa in 1993 Hero-cup semifinals. South Africa needed 6 runs to win the match in the final over. Sachin, bowling 3 dot balls in that over, conceded just 3 runs to help India win the match and reach the Finals of the tournament.[15]
Performance of 4/34 in 10 overs against West Indies[16] in Sharjah where the Windies were bowled out for 145.
He single handedly won the ICC 1998 quarterfinal at Dhaka to pave way for India's entry into the Semifinals, when he took 4 Australian wickets after scoring 141 runs in just 128 balls.
Tendulkar took three wickets on the final day of the famous Kolkata Test against Australia in 2001, which India won after following on, 274 runs behind on the first innings. Tendulkar took the key wickets of Matthew Hayden — who made a hundred in the previous Test at Mumbai and a double century in the next — and Adam Gilchrist, another centurion at Mumbai.
The googly that got Moin Khan's wicket during the first test match in Multan is still considered to be most memorable delivery bowled by Sachin in test matches.


Criticism

Despite his record of scoring the most Test centuries, none of Tendulkar's innings found a place in the Wisden 100, a statistics-based list released by Wisden in 2001 of the 100 "greatest Test batting performances". Wisden stated that most of his best performances had come in draws and defeats, and so received a much lower weighting as they did not contribute to a victory.[17]
His two tenures as captain of the Indian cricket team were not particularly successful. When Sachin took over as Captain in 1996, it was with huge hopes and expectations. However, by 1997 team prospects were quite bad. Azharuddin was credited with saying "Nahin jeetega! Chote ki naseeb main jeet nahin hai!",[18] which translates into : "He won't win! It's not in the Shorty's destiny". During his second run, after constantly complaining that the national selectors weren't giving him the team he wanted, he resigned after a disastrous tour of Australia where India lost 0-3 in the Tests and managed to win only one of 8 ODIs. Incidentally, he was named man of the series for the Test matches.
Sachin Tendulkar was also allegedly criticized by erstwhile Indian coach Greg Chappell on his attitude.[19] As per the report, Chappell felt that Tendulkar would be more useful down the order, while the latter felt that he would be better off opening the innings which he has been doing for major portion of his career. Chappell also believed that Tendulkar's repeated failures were hurting the team's chances. In a rare show of emotion, Tendulkar hit out at the comments attributed to Chappell by pointing out that no coach has ever mentioned about his attitude being incorrect. On April 7, 2007, the Board of Control for Cricket in India issued a notice to Sachin Tendulkar asking for an explanation for his comments made to the media. [20]


Controversies

Sachin Tendulkar has always made effort to stay out of controversies and he did have fair amount of success in staying away from trouble. However, on & off the field, he had rare 'bad days' which doesn't reflect on the true nature of the batting maestro.
Ferrari Custom Duty Incident: In commemorating Sachin Tendulkar's feat of equalling Don Bradman's 29 centuries in Test Cricket, automotive giant Ferrari invited Sachin Tendulkar to its paddock in Silverstone on the eve of the British Grand Prix (23 July 2002) to receive a Ferrari 360 Modena from the legendary F1 racer Michael Schumacher.[21] On September 4, 2002 India's then finance minister Jaswant Singh wrote to Sachin telling him that the government will waive custom's duty imposed on the car as a measure to applaud his feat.[22] However the rules at the time stated that the customs duty can be waived only when receiving an automobile as a prize and not as a gift. It is claimed that the proposals to change the law (Customs Act)was put forth in Financial Bill in February 2003 and amended was passed as a law in May 2003. Subsequently the Ferrari was allowed to be brought to India without payment of the customs duty (Rs 1.13 Crores or 120% on the car value of Rs 75 Lakhs).[23] When the move to waive customs duty became public in July 2003, political and social activists protested the waiver[24] and filed PIL in the Delhi High Court. With the controversy snowballing, Sachin offered to pay the customs duty and the tab was finally picked up by Ferrari.[25] Tendulkar has been seen taking his Ferrari 360 Modena for late-night drives in Mumbai.
Main article: Mike Denness and Indian cricket team incident
Ball Tampering Charges: Television cameras picked up images of Sachin cleaning the seam of the cricket ball, amounting to altering the condition of the ball in the second test match between India and South Africa at St George's Park, Port Elizabeth.[26] The match referee Mike Denness found Sachin Tendulkar guilty of ball tampering charges and handed him a one Test match ban.[27] With Mike Denness taking action against 5 other Indian cricketers on various charges, the incident escalated to a larger issue and led to Mike Denness being barred from entering the venue of the third test match. ICC revoked the official status of the match and on the recommendations of a review commission, the ban on Sachin Tendulkar was revoked. Sachin's ball tampering charges & Sehwag's ban for excessive appealing triggered a massive backlash from the Indian public that the real facts of the case was never reviewed and the matter put to rest appropriately.
Stranded on 194: In the first test match of India's historic tour of Pakistan in 2004 at Multan, the acting captain's (Rahul Dravid) decision to declare the innings with 16 overs remaining on Day 2 and when Sachin was playing with a score of 194 NO ignited controversy. In meeting with the press that evening, Sachin Tendulkar responded to a question on missing 200 against Pakistan by stating that he was disappointed and that the declaration had taken him by surprise.[28] Reflecting his stature in Indian cricket & his penchant for avoiding issues, the nature of the statement and ex-cricketers debating the merits of the decision as a reflection on Tendulkar & Rahul's relationship fueled the controversy. The controversy was so huge that it completely overshadowed one of Indian cricket's landmark innings by a young Virender Sehwag - a score of 309 which is the highest ever by an Indian in Tests. Many former cricketers[29] commented[30] that Dravid's declaration was in bad taste. The media noted at the time that the decision had apparently been made by Sourav Ganguly,[31] and Ganguly himself later admitted that it had been a mistake.[32] The wording of the statement indicating that it had not been Dravid's call. The controversy was put to rest when Rahul Dravid, Sachin Tendulkar and the coach - John Wright spoke to the media after the team's victory and stated that the matter was spoken internally and put to rest.[33]



Records

Sachin Tendulkar's career performance graph.

Test Cricket
Game Appearances:
On his Test debut, Sachin Tendulkar was the third youngest debutant (16y 205d). Mushtaq Mohammad (15y 124d) and Aaqib Javed (16y 189d) debuted in ODI matches younger than Tendulkar. Since then, there has been 2 players who were younger than Sachin on their Test Cricket debut: Hasan Raza - Pakistan (14y 227d), the current youngest debutant, and Mohammad Sharif - Bangladesh (15y 128d).[34]
As on 10 April 2007, Tendulkar has played the most number of Test Matches for India (Kapil Dev is second with 131 Test appearances).
Tendulkar is fourth on the list of players with most Test caps. Steve Waugh (168 Tests), Allan Border (158 Tests), Shane Warne (145 Tests) have appeared in more games than Tendulkar[35]
Runs Scored:
4th highest tally of runs in Test cricket (10,793). Second Indian after Sunil Gavaskar to make over 10,000 runs in Test matches.[36]
Tendulkar and Brian Lara are the fastest to score 10,000 runs in Test cricket history. Both of them achieved this in 195 innings.[37]
On 3 January 2007 Sachin Tendulkar (5751) edged past Brian Lara's (5736) world record of runs scored in Tests away from home. Tendulkar achieved this in 75 away Test matches while Lara had scored his runs in 66 away Tests.
Career Average 55.06 - the highest average among those who have scored over 10,000 Test runs.
Tendulkar has 4 seasons with 1000 or more runs - 2002 (1392 runs), 1999 (1088 runs), 2001 (1003 runs) and 1997 (1000 runs).[38] Gavaskar is the only other Indian with four seasons of 1000+ runs. Only Hayden and Lara have five seasons with 1000+ runs in International cricket.
Centuries:
Highest number of Test centuries (36), overtaking Sunil Gavaskar's record (34) on 10 December 2005 vs Sri Lanka in Delhi. Brian Lara has also scored 34 Test Centuries.[39]
When Tendulkar scored his maiden century in 1990, he was the second youngest to score a century. Only Mushtaq Mohammad had scored a century at an younger age by 1990. Tendulkar's record was bettered by Mohammad Ashraful in 2001/02 season.[40] The record for previous youngest Indian centurion was held by Kapil Dev.
Tendulkar's record of five centuries before he turned 20 is a current world record.[40]
Tendulkar holds the current record (217 against NZ in 1999/00 Season) for the highest score in Test cricket by an Indian when captaining the side.[41] Gavaskar held the previous record (205 against West Indies in Bombay - 1978/79 season)
Tendulkar has scored centuries against all test playing nations.[39] He was the third batman to achieve the distinction after Steve Waugh and Gary Kirsten. The current list also includes Brian Lara, Ricky Ponting, Rahul Dravid, Jacques Kallis, Adam Gilchrist and Marvan Attapattu.


ODI

Highlights of Tendulkar's ODI career include:
Game Appearances:
Matches Played: 384 (as of 18th May, 2007)
Consecutive ODI Appearances: 185[42]
Most Stadium Appearances: 90 different Grounds
On his debut, Sachin Tendulkar was the second youngest debutant. Only Aaqib Javed debuted in ODI matches younger than Sachin Tendulkar. Since then, there has been 4 players who were younger than Sachin on their ODI debut: Hasan Raza (Pakistan) - the current youngest debutant), Mohammad Sharif (Bangladesh), Shahid Afridi (Pakistan) and Ramveer Rai (UAE)
Runs Scored:
Most Runs: 14,847 Runs (as of 20th Mar, 2007). He is the leading run scorer in the ODI format of the game and the only player to cross the 14,000 run mark.
Highest individual score among Indian batsmen (186* against New Zealand at Hyderabad in 1999). The score of 186* is listed the fifth highest score recorded in ODI matches
Holds the record for scoring 1,000 ODI runs in a calendar year. He has done it six times - 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 and 2003.
First cricketer to cross 10,000-run mark. Only six other players have passed 10,000 runs in ODIs since then(Sanath Jayasuriya, Sourav Ganguly, Rahul Dravid, Ricky Ponting, Brian Lara, and Inzamam ul Haq). Sachin was the fastest to reach 10,000 runs taking 259 innings and has the highest batting average among batsmen with over 10,000 ODI runs
Centuries & Fifties Record:
Most centuries: 41
Only player to have over 100 innings of 50+ runs (41 Centuries and 77 Fifties)(as of 20th Mar, 2007)
Fifties: 77. Inzamam-ul-Haq (83) is the one of only two batsmen who have scored more Fifties. Rahul Dravid (78) is second on the list.[43]
Most centuries vs. Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe.
ODI Awards:
Most Man of the Match Awards: 53 Man of the Match Awards
Most Man of the Series Awards : 13 Man of the Series Awards
Calendar Year Record:
Most ODI runs in a calendar year: 1,894 ODI runs in 1998.
Most Centuries in a calendar year: 9 ODI centuries in 1998
Partnership Records:
Sachin Tendulkar with Sourav Ganguly hold the world record for the maximum number of runs scored by the opening partnership. They have put together 5,621 runs in 117 matches that includes 16 century partnerships and 21 fifty run partnerships]].[44] The 16 century partnerships for opening pair is also a world record.
Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid hold the world record for the highest partnership in ODI matches when they scored 331 runs against New Zealand in 1999 at the LBS, Hyderabad[45]
Sachin Tendulkar has been involved in six 200 run partnerships in ODI matches - a record that he shares with Sourav Ganguly and Ricky Ponting.[46]


World Cup

Most runs (1,796 at an average of 59.87 as on 20th Mar 2007) in World Cup Cricket History including 4 centuries & 13 fifties with a best score of 152* against Namibia in 2003 world cup
673 runs in 2003 Cricket World Cup, highest by any player in a single Cricket World Cup
Player Of The World Cup Tournament in the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

Miscellaneous
Tendulkar was the first batsman in history to score over 50 centuries in international cricket. He has now scored 77 (36 in Tests, 41 in ODIs).
Tendulkar was the first overseas cricketer to play for Yorkshire CCC in 1993, in more than 100 years of the club's history.
Sachin Tendulkar was the first batsman in Test Cricket to be declared as run out by a third umpire (using television replays) in 1992 against South Africa in South Africa.
During India's 1999-2000 tour to Australia, he was declared out LBW after ducking and being hit by bouncer that kept low by umpire Daryl Hair, which lead commentators to coin the term "shoulder before wicket".[47][48]


Achievements

Awards

1994: Arjuna Award Receipient for achievements in Cricket[49]
1997: Tendulkar was one of the five cricketers selected as Wisden Cricketer of the Year[50]
1997/98: Sachin Tendulkar received India's highest sporting honour - Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna[51]
1999: Awarded Padma Shri - India's civilian medal of recognition[52]


Media Recognition

In August of 2003, Sachin Tendulkar was voted as the "Greatest Sportsman" of the country in the sport personalities category in the Best of India poll conducted by Zee News.[53]
In November 2006, Time magazine named Tendulkar as one of the Asian Heroes.[54]
The current India Poised campaign run by The Times of India has nominated him as the Face of New India next to the likes of Amartya Sen and Mahatma Gandhi among others.


Business Interests

Books

Book Cover of one of many Tendulkar's biographies.
Sachin Tendulkar has been the subject of various books. The following is the listing of books focused on Tendulkar's career:
Sachin: The Story of the World's Greatest Batsman by Gulu Ezekiel. Publisher: Penguin Global. ISBN: 978-0143028543[56]
The A to Z of Sachin Tendulkar by Gulu Ezekiel. Publisher: Penguin Global. ISBN: 978-8174765307[57]
Sachin Tendulkar-a definitive biography by Vaibhav Purandare. Publisher: Roli Books. ISBN: 8174363602[58]
Sachin Tendulkar - Masterful by Peter Murray, Ashish Shukla. Publisher: Rupa. ISBN: 8171678068[59]

A mini Project source code----"HASHING"

/* Hashing ----- By ashesh deep "a beautiful mind" */
#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include
int hash(char *key){ int sum=0; int len=strlen(key); if(len%2==1) len++; for(int j=0;jint makeaddress(char *key,int dept){ int retval=0; int hashval=hash(key); //cout<<"\n Hash value"<>1; } return retval;}
/********************************************************************** CLASS student**********************************************************************/int count;char stuff[100][100],stuff1[100][100];class student{ public: char *URN,*Name,*Addr,*Sem,*Bran; void Clear(); int Unpack(fstream&); int Pack(fstream&); void Input(int); void Display(); void Assign(student&); void Displayall(); //void format_text(char *);};
/********************************************************************** CLASS iobuf:PARENT CLASS FOR varlen AND delmfld BUFFER CLASS.**********************************************************************/class iobuf //AN ABSTRACT CLASS{ protected: char *Buffer; int BufSiz; public: void Clear(); virtual int Read(fstream&)=0; virtual int Write(fstream&)=0; virtual int Pack(student&,fstream&)=0; virtual int Unpack(student&,fstream&)=0;};
/********************************************************************** varlen: DEFINES READ AND WRITE OPERATION ON FILES. (Data is stored in buffer before writing or after reading)**********************************************************************/class varlen:public iobuf{ public: int Read(fstream&); int Write(fstream&);};
/********************************************************************* delmfld:DEFINES PACK AND UNPACK OPERATION FOR THE BUFFER*********************************************************************/class delmfld:public varlen{ public: int Pack(student&,fstream&); int Unpack(student&,fstream&);};void update(char *key){ student stds[100],std; int f=0,found=0,g; char upd='n'; fstream file("student.dat",ios::in); file.seekg(ios::beg); while(!file.fail()) if(std.Unpack(file)) if(strcmpi(std.URN,key)==0) //strmcpi { found=1; clrscr(); cout<<"\n\tRecord:"; std.Display(); cout<<"\n\n Confirm permanent updation:[Y/N]"; cin>>upd; if(!(upd=='Y'upd=='y')) { stds[f].Clear(); stds[f++].Assign(std);
} else { cout<<"\n\t Enter the new record:\n"; strcpy(std.URN,key); std.Input(1); stds[f].Clear(); stds[f++].Assign(std); //OVERWRITE } } else { stds[f].Clear(); stds[f++].Assign(std); } file.clear(); if(found==0) cout<<"\n\t Record not found."; else { file.close(); file.open("student.dat",ios::out); file.seekp(0,ios::beg); for(g=0;g/********************************************************************** DISPLAY FILE CONTENTS (i.e.ALL RECORDS SEQUENTIALLY.)**********************************************************************/void dispsq(){ student std; int i=0; fstream file("student.dat",ios::in); file.seekg(0,ios::beg); while(!file.fail()) if(std.Unpack(file)) { count++; std.Displayall(); strcpy(stuff[i],std.URN); i++; } else break; file.clear(); file.close();}
/******************************************************************** SEARCHING FOR A "USN" KEY********************************************************************/int search(char *key){ student std; int found=0; fstream file("student.dat",ios::in); file.seekg(ios::beg); while(!file.fail()) if(std.Unpack(file)) if(strcmpi(std.URN,key)==0) //COMPARE WITHOUT CASE SENSITIVITY { found=1; } //file.clear(); file.close(); return found;}
/********************************************************************** ADD A NEW RECORD TO THE DATA FILE.**********************************************************************/void append(){ student std; char key[30]; int flag=1,pos; std.Input(0); strcpy(key,std.URN); int result=search(key); if(result==1) { cout<<"\nRecord already present"; return; } //pos=file.tellp(); //flag=bt.insert(std.URN,pos); fstream file("student.dat",ios::app); file.seekp(0,ios::end); if(flag && std.Pack(file)) cout<<"\n\t Done."; else cout<<"\n\t Failure."; file.clear(); //db file.close();}
/********************************************************************** SEARCHING FOR GIVEN RECORD WITH URN AS KEY;**********************************************************************/void srch(char *key){ student std; int found=0; fstream file("student.dat",ios::in); file.seekg(ios::beg); while(!file.fail()) if(std.Unpack(file)) if(strcmpi(std.URN,key)==0) //COMPARE WITHOUT CASE SENSITIVITY { clrscr(); cout<<"\n\t Record found:"; cout<<"\n\n\t---------------------------------------------"; std.Display(); cout<<"\n\n\t---------------------------------------------"; found=1; } if (found==0) { cout<<"\n\t Record not found."; } file.clear(); file.close();}
/******************************************************************* DELETE RECORDS FROM FILE.*******************************************************************/void delrec(char *key){ int r=0, found=0,s; char del='N'; student stds[100],std; fstream file("student.dat",ios::in); file.seekg(0,ios::beg); while(!file.fail()) if(std.Unpack(file)) if(strcmpi(std.URN,key)==0) { found=1; clrscr(); cout<<"\n\t Record:"; cout<<"\n--------------------------------------------"; std.Display(); cout<<"\n--------------------------------------------"; cout<<"\n\t Confirm permanent deletion:\n Are you sure?(Y/N)"; cin>>del; if(!(del=='Y'del=='y')) { cout<<"\n\t Not deleted."; stds[r].Clear(); stds[r++].Assign(std); } else cout<<"\n\t Deleted."; } else { stds[r].Clear(); stds[r++].Assign(std); } file.clear(); if(found==0) cout<<"\n\t Record not found."; else { file.close(); file.open("student.dat",ios::out); file.seekp(0,ios::beg); for(s=0;s //bt.root=new node; //bt.create(); } void iobuf::Clear() { Buffer=new char[100]; BufSiz=0; }
/********************************************************************** READ RECORD INTO BUFFER AND FIND BUFFER LENGTH***********************************************************************/
int varlen :: Read(fstream &file){ if(file.fail()) return 0; Clear(); file.getline (Buffer,100,'\n'); BufSiz=strlen(Buffer); return 1;}
/********************************************************************* WRITE RECORDS IN FILE & APPEND '\n', THE RECORD DELIMETER*********************************************************************/int varlen :: Write (fstream &file ){ if(file.write(Buffer,BufSiz)) { file.write("\n",1); return 1; } return 0;}
/******************************************************************** PACK THE STUDENTS WITH DELIMETERS AND WRITE INTO FILE********************************************************************/int delmfld :: Pack (student &std,fstream &file){ Clear(); strcpy(Buffer,std.URN); //copy the value of the fields strcat(Buffer,""); //and add the record delimeter strcat(Buffer,std.Name); //after each field strcat(Buffer,""); strcat(Buffer,std.Addr); strcat(Buffer,""); strcat(Buffer,std.Sem); strcat(Buffer,""); strcat(Buffer,std.Bran); strcat(Buffer,'\0'); //add terminating character BufSiz = strlen (Buffer); return(Write (file)); //write into file}
/****************************************************************** READ RECORD FROM FILE INTO BUFFER AND UNPACK INTO STUDENT******************************************************************/int delmfld :: Unpack (student &std,fstream &file){ if (!Read (file)) return 0; std.Clear(); if(BufSiz>0) { int p=0,q; for(q=0;Buffer[q]!='';q++) std.URN[p++]=Buffer[q]; //unpack urn std.URN[p]='\0'; p=0;q++; for(;Buffer[q]!='';q++) std.Name[p++]=Buffer[q];//unpack name std.Name[p]='\0';p=0;q++; for(;Buffer[q]!='';q++) std.Addr[p++]=Buffer[q]; //unpack address std.Addr[p]='\0'; p=0;q++; for(;Buffer[q]!='';q++) std.Sem[p++]=Buffer[q]; //unpack Semester std.Sem[p]='\0'; p=0;q++; for(;q/******************************************************************** CLEAR STUDENT OBJECTS********************************************************************/void student :: Clear(){ URN=new char[100]; Name=new char[100]; Addr=new char[100]; Sem=new char[100]; Bran=new char[100];}
/******************************************************************** READ DATA********************************************************************/void student :: Input (int flUpd){ if(!flUpd) { Clear(); cout<<"\t URN (max 10 characters):"; cin>>URN; } cout<<"\t Name :";cin>> Name; // Input values for each field cout<<"\t Address :";cin>> Addr; cout<<"\t Semester[1-8] :";cin>>Sem; cout<<"\t Branch :";cin>>Bran;}

/******************************************************************* DISPLAY RECORD OF ONLY ONE STUDENT********************************************************************/void student:: Displayall(){ cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield); cout<<"\n"<
/******************************************************************** ASSIGN GIVEN STUDENT TO THIS STUDENT********************************************************************/void student :: Assign(student &std){ /*Assign student to this student*/ strcpy(URN,std.URN); strcpy(Name,std.Name); strcpy(Addr,std.Addr); strcpy(Sem,std.Sem); strcpy(Bran,std.Bran);}

/******************************************************************* PACK STUDENT INTO NEW BUFFER*******************************************************************/int student::Pack(fstream &file){ delmfld buffer; return (buffer.Pack(*this,file));
}

/****************************************************************** UNPACK BEFFER INTO STUDENT******************************************************************/int student::Unpack(fstream &file){ delmfld buffer ; return (buffer.Unpack(*this,file));}

/**************************THE main() PROGRAM*********************/void main(){ clrscr(); int ch=0,pos,depth,found=0; student stud; //bt.creat(); char key[100]; do { window(1,1,80,25); textbackground(BLACK); clrscr(); textcolor(RED); //clrscr(); cout<<"\n\t\t Internal Data File :student.dat:" <<"\n\t*********************************************************\n" <<"\n\t 1: Displays all records ." <<"\n\t 2: Add record into the file ." <<"\n\t 3: Search sequentially." <<"\n\t 4: Delete record." <<"\n\t 5: Update record." <<"\n\t 6: Hash Table." <<"\n\t 7: Search Hash able." <<"\n\t 0: Quit Program." <<"\n\t*********************************************************\n" <<"\n\t\t Plz enter your choice [0-7]:"; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1: clrscr(); count=0; cout<<"\n\n\n\t\t\t\t STUDENT.DAT"; cout<<"\n********************************************************************************\n"; cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield); cout<<" "<<>>key; srch(key); break; case 4: cout<<"\n\t Enter the URN to delete:"; cin>>key; delrec(key); break; case 5: cout<<"\n\t Enter the URN to Update:"; cin>>key; update(key); break; case 6: int k=0,i,addr; cout<<"\n Enter depth"; cin>>depth; k=pow(2,depth); k=k; for(i=0;i clrscr(); cout<<"\n\t\t******** HASH TABLE **********"<\t KEY"<"<KEY"<KEY"<"<KEY"<>key; addr=makeaddress(key,depth); for(i=0;i0 && ch<6) { gotoxy(25,23); cout<<"\n\t Press any key to return to the Main Menu..."; } getch(); } while(ch!=0); //fstream f1("driver.dat",ios::out); //f1.close();}

Three beautiful stories in-the-line....

Read out the three beautiful short stories of beautiful mind....

Again the repeated lines...."Just Follow me ....!!!yo!!!"..... n don't forget to leave a comment...

Love and Time

Once upon a time, there was an island where all the feelings lived:

Happiness, Sadness, Knowledge, and all of the others, including Love. One

day it was announced to the feelings that the island would sink, so all

constructed boats and left. Except for Love.

Love was the only one who stayed. Love wanted to hold out until the last

possible moment.

When the island had almost sunk, Love decided to ask for help.

Richness was passing by Love in a grand boat. Love said,

"Richness, can you take me with you?"

Richness answered, "No, I can't. There is a lot of gold and silver in my boat.

There is no place here for you."

Love decided to ask Vanity who was also passing by in a beautiful vessel.

"Vanity, please help me!"

"I can't help you, Love. You are all wet and might damage my boat," Vanity

answered.

Sadness was close by so Love asked, "Sadness, let me go with you."

"Oh . . . Love, I am so sad that I need to be by myself!"

Happiness passed by Love, too, but she was so happy that she did not even

hear when Love called her.

Suddenly, there was a voice, "Come, Love, I will take you." It was an elder.

So blessed and overjoyed, Love even forgot to ask the elder where they

were going. When they arrived at dry land, the elder went her own way.

Realizing how much was owed the elder,

Love asked Knowledge, another elder, "Who Helped me?"

"It was Time," Knowledge answered.

"Time?" asked Love. "But why did Time help me?"

Knowledge smiled with deep wisdom and answered, "Because only Time is

capable of understanding how valuable Love is."

Parable Of The Pencil - Pencil story

The Pencil Maker took the pencil aside, just before putting him into the box.

"There are 5 things you need to know," he told the pencil, "Before I send you out into the world. Always remember them and never forget, and you will become the best pencil you can be."

"One: You will be able to do many great things, but only if you allow yourself to be held in Someone's hand."

"Two: You will experience a painful sharpening from time to time, but you'll need it to become a better pencil."

"Three: You will be able to correct any mistakes you might make."

"Four: The most important part of you will always be what's inside."

"And Five: On every surface you are used on, you must leave your mark. No matter what the condition, you must continue to write."

The pencil understood and promised to remember, and went into the box with purpose in its heart.


Now replacing the place of the pencil with you. Always remember them and never forget, and you will become the best person you can be.

One: You will be able to do many great things, but only if you allow yourself to be held in God's hand. And allow other human beings to access you for the many gifts you possess.

Two: You will experience a painful sharpening from time to time, by going through various problems in life, but you'll need it to become a stronger person.

Three: You will be able to correct any mistakes you might make.

Four: The most important part of you will always be what's on the inside.

And Five: On every surface you walk through, you must leave your mark. No matter what the situation, you must continue to do your duties.



Allow this parable on the pencil to encourage you to know that you are a special person and only you can fulfill the purpose to which you were born to accomplish.

Never allow yourself to get discouraged and think that your life is insignificant and cannot make a change.

Mountain Story - An interesting short story

"A son and his father were walking on the mountains.Suddenly, his son falls, hurts himself and

screams: "AAAhhhhhhhhhhh!!!"To his surprise, he hears the voice repeating, somewhere in the

mountain: "AAAhhhhhhhhhhh!!!"Curious, he yells: "Who are you?"He receives the answer:

"Who are you?"And then he screams to the mountain: "I admire you!"The voice answers: "I

admire you!"Angered at the response, he screams: "Coward!"He receives the answer:

"Coward!"He looks to his father and asks: "What's going on?"The father smiles and says: "My

son, pay attention."Again the man screams: "You are a champion!"The voice answers: "You are

a champion!"The boy is surprised, but does not understand.Then the father explains: "People

call this ECHO, but really this is LIFE.It gives you back everything you say or do.Our life is

simply a reflection of our actions.If you want more love in the world, create more love in your

heart.If you want more competence in your team, improve your competence.This relationship

applies to everything, in all aspects of life;Life will give you back everything you have given to

it."

YOUR LIFE IS NOT A COINCIDENCE. IT'S A REFLECTION OF YOU!"-- Unknown Author

courtesy: www.indianchild.com

Fundamental Rights in India

Hi!

a beautiful mind has once again arrived with new n different topic.....Being responsible citizen of India we shld know what i m going 2 describe......also, some critical analysis....... SO, again, the repeated lines...."Just follow me...!!!Yo!!!

The Fundamental Rights in India enshrined in the Part III of the Constitution of India guarantee civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms which every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, colour or sex. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to certain restrictions. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.
The six fundamental rights are:[1]

Right to equality

Right to freedom

Right against exploitation

Right to freedom of religion

Cultural and educational rights

Right to constitutional remedies

Rights literally mean those freedoms which are essential for personal good as well as the good of the community. The rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India are fundamental as they have been incorporated into the Fundamental Law of the Land and are enforceable in a court of law. However, this does not mean that they are absolute or that they are immune from Constitutional amendment.[2]
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and hence prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour. They also protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions.





Significance and characteristics


The Fundamental Rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity. The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties, like freedom of speech and religion were not recognized and protected by the State(I). According to them, "democracy" is, in essence, a government by opinion and therefore, the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation. For this purpose, the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the Fundamental Rights.[5]
Theories of rights
Animal rights
Children's rights
Civil rights
Collective rights
Group rights
Human rights
Inalienable rights
Individual rights
Legal rights
Men's rights
Natural rights
Negative & positive
Social rights
"Three generations"
Women's rights
Workers' rights
Youth rights

All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have been given the right to move the Supreme Court and the High Courts for the enforcement of their Fundamental Rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore, in the public interest, anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as "Public interest litigation".[6] In some cases, High Court judges have acted on their own on the basis of newspaper reports.
These Fundamental Rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights. They emphasize on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities, irrespective of background. Some Fundamental Rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India. The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone, including non-resident Indian citizens.[7] The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India.[8]
Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary State actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals.[9] For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar. These provisions act as a check both on State action as well as the action of private individuals. However, these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare. They can also be selectively curtailed. The Supreme Court has ruled[10] that all provisions of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights can be amended. However, the Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution. Features such as secularism and democracy fall under this category. Since the Fundamental Rights can only be altered by a constitutional amendment, their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch, but also on the Parliament and state legislatures.[11]
A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights. Under such a state, the rights conferred by Article 19 (freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) remain suspended. Hence, in such a situation, the legislature may make laws which go against the rights given in Article 19. Also, the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well.

Critical analysis

The Fundamental Rights have been criticised for many reasons. Political groups have demanded that the right to work, the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment, old age, and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity,[36] though these provisions have been enshrined in the directive principles of state policy.[37] The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses, and thus have been criticized for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed "excessive".[36] There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of Fundamental Rights in times of Emergency. The provisions of acts like MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act) and NSA (National Security Act) are a means of countering the fundamental rights, because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence, without safeguards for civil rights.[36] The phrases "security of State", "public order" and "morality" are of wide implication. The meaning of phrases like "reasonable restrictions" and "the interest of public order" have not been explicitly stated in the constitution, and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation.[36] The freedom to assemble peacably and without arms is exercised, but in some cases, these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods.[38][39]
"Freedom of press" has not been included in the right to freedom, which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate.[36] Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced, but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs, including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution. More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India.[40] India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005, according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide.[41] The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India, according to the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003.[8]

courtesy: www.wikipedia.org